21st century is the century of science. We hope to witness some spectacular advances in the field of Science & Technology during this century. Leaving other field of science let us discuss the evolution of humans in the planet earth and its development during this century.

We know that humans are the most intelligent animals of our planet. In order to know the near relatives of human scientist started to identify the genetic feature of humans. Because we know that gene is the main object that is responsible for all activities & character of humans. In the year 1990 the human genome project started. The aim of this project was to determine the sequence of three billion (one billion = one hundred crores) base pairs in human DNA and identify every one of human genes. Scientists declared before that in human body there are one lakh gene but later they confirmed that the gene number in human body is between 25 to 30 thousands. By the end of 2001 scientists could know 90% of the base pair. It is interesting to know that there are around 30,000 genes that are located in only 3% of the total DNA. 97% of the DNA body has no function and we called the portion of DNA as “Junked DNA”. Then question raises that who is the immediate ancestor of human. Whether it is Chimpanzee or Gorilla or Orangutans, scientists did research on these animals and declared that Bacteria share only 20% of human genes, Mice 90% where as Chimpanzee have a similarity of 99% with human gene character. In Gorilla the difference in genetic material is 2-3% where as it is 3.6% in case of Orangutan. African Ape, Chimpanzee & Baboon of Africa have only differences around 1 to 1.6% with human genes. You may imagine that only 1 to 1.6% differences in genetic materials could change an animal’s entire feature. A man and a Chimpanzee, there is lot of difference. Scientists finally declared that our ancestors diverged only about 7 million years ago from the ancestor of Chimpanzees & Baboons, 9 million years from Gorillas and 14 million years ago from ancestors of Orangutans.

In case of animals the number of neurons also determines its intelligence. In case of human the weight of our brain is 1.4 kg and we have nearly 1000 billion Neurons where as Monkeys have 10 billion neurons, mouse has 5 million neurons and only one lakh neurons in case of Drosophilae (one kind of fly). These facts proved that human beings are evolved from these types of animals by gradual evolution process. Our speech activities, intelligence and other advanced works are only for the difference of 1-3% of extra genes that we have than other closer animals like Chimpanzee etc. Still now these animals are speechless. The gene research is one of the most advanced and result oriented research work. It may change the future of total human civilization. When we will able to know the gene responsible for specific character or disease we can change it and get relief from any disease or any character. Now doctors are giving importance on gene treatment.

Whatever the genetic structure may be scientists like Morris Goodman of Wayne State University of U.S.A. after his research result of 2003 finally declared that Chimpanzee are the most closest ancestors of human. They also declared another finding of their research and told that 99.4% of most critical DNA sites of human & Chimpanzee are identical. For this result he advised the naturalists to include Chimpanzee in to human group as under genes Homo.